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1 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 26 August 1743 Paris, Franced. 8 May 1794 Paris, France[br]French founder of the modern science of chemistry.[br]As well as receiving a formal education in law and literature, Lavoisier studied science under some of the leading figures of the day. This proved to be an ideal formation of the man in whom "man of science" and "public servant" were so intimately combined. His early work towards the first geological map of France and on the water supply of Paris helped to win him election to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1768 at the youthful age of 25. In the same year he used some of his private income to buy a part-share in the "tax farm", a private company which leased from the Government the right to collect certain indirect taxes.In 1772 Lavoisier began his researches into the related phenomena of combustion, respiration and the calcination or oxidation of metals. This culminated in the early 1780s in the overthrow of the prevailing theory, based on an imponderable combustion principle called "phlogiston", and the substitution of the modern explanation of these processes. At the same time, understanding of the nature of acids, bases and salts was placed on a sounder footing. More important, Lavoisier defined a chemical element in its modern sense and showed how it should be applied by drawing up the first modern list of the chemical elements. With the revolution in chemistry initiated by Lavoisier, chemists could begin to understand correctly the fundamental processes of their science. This understanding was the foundationo of the astonishing advance in scientific and industrial chemistry that has taken place since then. As an academician, Lavoisier was paid by the Government to carry out investigations into a wide variety of practical questions with a chemical bias, such as the manufacture of starch and the distillation of phosphorus. In 1775 Louis XVI ordered the setting up of the Gunpowder Commission to improve the supply and quality of gunpowder, deficiencies in which had hampered France's war efforts. Lavoisier was a member of the Commission and, as usual, took the leading part, drawing up its report and supervising its implementation. As a result, the industry became profitable, output increased so that France could even export powder, and the range of the powder increased by two-thirds. This was a material factor in France's war effort in the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars.As if his chemical researches and official duties were not enough, Lavoisier began to apply his scientific principles to agriculture when he purchased an estate at Frechines, near Blois. After ten years' work on his experimental farm there, Lavoisier was able to describe his results in the memoir "Results of some agricultural experiments and reflections on their relation to political economy" (Paris, 1788), which holds historic importance in agriculture and economics. In spite of his services to the nation and to humanity, his association with the tax farm was to have tragic consequences: during the reign of terror in 1794 the Revolutionaries consigned to the guillotine all the tax farmers, including Lavoisier.[br]Bibliography1862–93, Oeuvres de Lavoisier, Vols I–IV, ed. J.B.A.Dumas; Vols V–VI, ed. E.Grimaux, Paris (Lavoisier's collected works).Further ReadingD.I.Duveen and H.S.Klickstein, 1954, A Bibliography of the Works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 1743–1794, London: William Dawson (contains valuable biographical material).D.McKie, 1952, Antoine Lavoisier, Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer, London: Constable (the best modern, general biography).H.Guerlac, 1975, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Chemist and Revolutionary, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (a more recent work).LRDBiographical history of technology > Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
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2 Lavoisier
n. 라부아지에 Antoine Laurent \Lavoisier(174394)(프랑스의 화학자, 근대 화학의 아버지) -
3 Chemical technology
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Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent — • Chemist, philosopher, economist (1743 1794) Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006 … Catholic encyclopedia
Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent — ▪ French chemist Introduction born August 26, 1743, Paris, France died May 8, 1794, Paris prominent French chemist and leading figure in the 18th century chemical revolution who developed an experimentally based theory of the chemical reactivity … Universalium
Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent de — (1743 1794) chemist Considered the founder of modern chemistry, Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier was born in Paris and was educated at the Collège Mazarin. He served as one of the farmers general and held several other public offices, including … France. A reference guide from Renaissance to the Present
Lavoisier,Antoine Laurent — La·voi·sier (lə vwäʹzē ā , lä vwä zyāʹ), Antoine Laurent. 1743 1794. French chemist who is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry. He isolated the major components of air, disproved the phlogiston theory by determining the role of oxygen in… … Universalium
Lavoisier , Antoine Laurent — (1743–1794) French chemist Lavoisier is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry. Born in Paris, he studied both law and science, but after graduating concentrated his attention on science. He invested his money in a private tax collecting… … Scientists
Lavoisier, Antoine — Lavoisier , Antoine Laurent … Scientists
Lavoisier, Antoine (-Laurent) — born Aug. 26, 1743, Paris, France died May 8, 1794, Paris French chemist, regarded as the father of modern chemistry. His work on combustion, oxidation (see oxidation reduction), and gases (especially those in air) overthrew the phlogiston… … Universalium
Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent de — ► (1743 94) Químico francés. Es considerado uno de los creadores de la química moderna. En 1768 fue nombrado miembro de la Académie des Sciences. Enunció la ley de la conservación de la materia, descubrió el oxígeno y realizó la síntesis del aire … Enciclopedia Universal
Lavoisier, Antoine (-Laurent) — (26 ago. 1743, París, Francia–8 may. 1794, París). Químico francés, considerado el padre de la química moderna. Su trabajo sobre la combustión, oxidación (ver oxidación reducción) y los gases (en especial aquellos en el aire) derrumbó la doctrina … Enciclopedia Universal
LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT — one of the founders of modern chemistry, born in Paris; to prosecute his researches accepted the post of farmer general in 1769, introduced in 1776 improvements in manufacturing gunpowder, discovered the composition of the air and the nature… … The Nuttall Encyclopaedia
Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier — Antoine Lavoisier Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier (* 26. August 1743 in Paris; † 8. Mai 1794 ebenda) war ein französischer Chemiker und gilt als einer der Väter der modernen Chemie. Inhaltsverzeichnis … Deutsch Wikipedia